The Future of Drainage Engineering: Sustainable Solutions for Urban and Agricultural Water Management

Abstract

Drainage engineering is a critical aspect of water resource management, essential for mitigating flooding, improving soil health, and enhancing urban and agricultural resilience. Traditional drainage systems, which primarily focus on rapid water removal, often contribute to environmental degradation, groundwater depletion, and increased flood risks. This review explores sustainable drainage solutions that integrate green infrastructure, precision drainage, and smart technologies to enhance efficiency and environmental sustainability.

Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS) offer nature-based approaches, including permeable pavements, rain gardens, and constructed wetlands, to reduce runoff and improve water quality. In agriculture, innovations such as controlled drainage, drainage water recycling, and bioreactors enhance water conservation while minimizing nutrient loss. Emerging technologies, including the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), and Geographic Information Systems (GIS), are transforming drainage management through real-time monitoring and predictive analytics.

With climate change increasing rainfall variability, climate-resilient drainage strategies, such as stormwater harvesting and floodplain restoration, are essential for long-term sustainability. Policy interventions, regulatory frameworks, and community engagement are crucial for the widespread adoption of sustainable drainage solutions. Future research should emphasize interdisciplinary approaches, integrating engineering, environmental science, and digital technologies to enhance drainage efficiency and resilience in urban and agricultural landscapes.