Plasma Propulsion Systems: Advancing the Future of Deep Space Exploration

Abstract

Plasma propulsion systems have emerged as a revolutionary technology for deep space exploration, offering higher efficiency and longer operational lifetimes compared to conventional chemical propulsion. These systems utilize ionized gases to generate thrust, enabling spacecraft to travel farther with minimal fuel consumption. Unlike traditional propulsion methods that rely on chemical reactions to produce large bursts of thrust, plasma-based systems operate continuously at low thrust levels, allowing for gradual acceleration over extended periods. This characteristic makes them particularly suitable for deep-space missions, where fuel efficiency and longevity are crucial.

This review explores the fundamental principles of plasma propulsion, detailing how ionized particles are accelerated using electric and magnetic fields to produce thrust. Various plasma propulsion technologies, including Hall-effect thrusters, ion thrusters, and magnetoplasmadynamic thrusters, are examined, highlighting their mechanisms, advantages, and limitations. Hall-effect thrusters, widely used in modern space missions, offer a balance between efficiency and thrust, whereas ion thrusters provide exceptionally high specific impulse, making them ideal for long-duration interplanetary travel. Meanwhile, magnetoplasmadynamic thrusters hold promise for high-power applications but face challenges in energy requirements and thermal management.