Orbital Dynamics and Satellite Attitude Control: Techniques for Precision and Efficiency

Abstract

Orbital dynamics and satellite attitude control are critical components of space missions, enabling the precise navigation and orientation of satellites in their respective orbits. As space activities expand with an increasing number of satellites for communication, Earth observation, and scientific research, the need for accurate orbital and attitude control systems has become paramount. This review discusses the core principles of orbital dynamics, highlighting key aspects such as orbital mechanics, perturbative forces, and satellite navigation. It also explores the various techniques and technologies employed for satellite attitude control, including reaction wheels, control moment gyroscopes (CMGs), and magnetorquers. Emphasis is placed on advancements in precision and efficiency, particularly with the use of modern algorithms, miniaturized sensors, and control mechanisms. Additionally, challenges such as fuel efficiency, system miniaturization, and autonomous attitude control are examined, addressing how these innovations support mission objectives and operational longevity. The review further investigates the role of real-time data processing, sensor fusion, and the trade-offs between performance and energy consumption in next-generation systems. Finally, future trends, including AI-driven control systems and the integration of more robust multi-sensor systems, are discussed as emerging areas for enhancing satellite autonomy, reducing operational costs, and improving mission flexibility. These advancements are expected to drive the next phase of space exploration and satellite operation, ensuring that future space missions can meet the evolving demands of an increasingly crowded and complex space environment.