Time-Responsive Manufacturing: An Extensive Review of 4DP Applications in IoT and Mechatronic Systems

Abstract

4DP, an evolution of additive manufacturing, integrates intelligent materials with digital fabrication to create objects that can change shape or function in response to environmental stimuli. This study focused on finding the emergence and development of 4D printing in the Internet of Things (IoT) and mechatronics. This paper discovers the historical background of adaptive manufacturing technologies and key concepts and theories underlying 4D printing, and summarizes current research trends. In addition, we highlight specific applications in sensors, actuators, and robotics and discuss prospective future directions and open challenges. The aim of the review is to provide a comprehensive analysis of intelligent materials utilized in different 4D printing techniques. Every intelligent material, including polymers, alloys, and composites, has a unique collection of physical, chemical, mechanical, and thermal properties. These characteristics are the foundation of the application of the intelligent material for 4D printing techniques to enhance IoT applications and mechatronic devices.