Efficiency Enhancement of Photovoltaic Panels with Solar Trackers: A Review
Keywords:
Photovoltaic (PV), Solar Tracker, Azimuth Tracking, Light-Dependant Resistor (LDR), MicrocontrollerAbstract
Solar energy is a key component in meeting the increasing demands of the electrical power consumption in the society as solar energy is available in abundance, is free, clean and pollution free in nature. In order to obtain more power by gathering more irradiation from the sun, solar tracking mechanisms have been developed. Energy efficiency tracking systems from various systems has been reviewed in this paper. The increment in the power generated from such systems ranges from 5% to 60% with various tracking mechanisms. Moreover, installation of the tracking systems should be restrictedonly to the larger systems in order to compensate the energy used in tracking with the surplusenergy generated with the help of a tracking system. Additionally, different variants of solar tracking mechanisms are reviewed and observed to highlight that the tracking system with one-axis azimuthal tracking is most popularly used one.
How to cite this article: Bhateja P, Gupta A, Sharma VS. Efficiency Enhancement of Photovoltaic Panels with Solar Trackers: A Review. J Adv Res Prod Ind Engg 2019; 6(3&4): 1-17.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/2456.429X.201904
References
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9. Baltas P, Tortoreli M, Russell PE. Evaluation of Power Output for Fixed and Step Tracking PV arrays. Solar Energy 1986; 37(20): 147-63.
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11. Nann S. Potential for Tracking PV Systems and V-troughs in Moderate Cli- mates. Solar Energy 1990; 45(6): 385-393.
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13. Konar A, Mandal AK. Microprocessor Based Automatic Sun-tracker. IEEE Proceedings Part A Physical Science Measurement and Instrumentation Management and Education Reviews. 1991; 138(4): 237-41.
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21. Hasan A. Design and Implementation of a Fuzzy Logic Computer-controlled Sun Tracking System. Proceedings
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22. MichaelidesI M, Kalogirou SA, Roditis G et al. Comparison of Performance and Cost-effectiveness of Solar Water Heaters at Different Collector Tracking Modes in Cyprus and Greece. Energy Conversion and Management 1999; 40: 1287-303.
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25. Poulek V, Libra M. A Very Simple Solar Tracker for Space and Terrestrial Applications. Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 2000; 60: 99-103.
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29. Chung SHS, Tse KK, Hui SYR et al. A Novel Maximum Power Point Tracking Technique for Solar Panels Using a SEPIC or Cuk converter. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 2003; 18(3): 717-724.
30. Ai B, Shen H, Ban Q et al. Calculation of the Hourly and Daily Radiation Incident on Three Step Tracking Planes. Energy Conversion and Management 2003; 44: 1999-2011.
31. Piao ZG, Georgiev A, Boudinov H. Design and Construction of a System for Sun-tracking. Renewable Energy 2004; 29: 393-402.
32. Khalil AA-JN, Al-Mutawalli SS. Effect of Two-axis Sun Tracking on the Performance of Compound Parabolic Concentrators. Energy Conversion and Management 2004; 39(10): 1073-9.
33. Clifford MJ, Eastwood D. Design of a Novel Passive SolarTracker. Solar Energy 2004; 77: 269-280.
34. Bione J, Vilela OC, Fraidenraich N. Comparison of the Performance of PV Water Pumping Systems Driven by Fixed, Ttracking and V-trough Generators. Solar Energy 2004; 76: 703-711.
35. Pavel YV, Gonzalez HJ, Vorobiev YV. Optimization of the Solar Energy Collection in Tracking and Non-tracking PV Solar System. In: Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Electrical and Electronics Engineering, ICEEE; 2004; 310-4.
36. Kalogirou SA. Solar Thermal Collectors and Applications. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 2004; 30: 231-95.
37. Al-Mohamad A. Efficiency Improvements of Photovoltaic Panels Usinga Sun-Tracking System. Applied Energy 2004; 79: 345-54.
38. Abdallah S. The Effect of Using Sun Tracking Systems on the Voltage-current Characteristics and Power Generation of Flat Plate PV. Energy Conversion and Management 2004; 45: 1671-9.
39. Kobayashi K, Matsuo M, Sekine Y. A Novel Optimum Operating Point Tracker of the Solar Cell Power Supply System. IEEE Conference on Power Electronics. 2004; 3: 2147-2151.
40. Abdallah S, Nijmeh S. Two Axes Sun Tracking System with PLC Control. Energy Conversion and Management 2004; 45: 1931-9.
41. Armstrong S, Hurley WG. Investigating the Effectiveness of Maximum Power Point Tracking for a Solar System. IEEE Conference on Power Electronics. 2005; 204-209.
42. Shanmugam S, Christraj W. The Tracking of the Sun for Solar Paraboloidal Dish Concentrators. ASME Transactions 2005; 127: 156-160.
43. KarimovKh S, Saqib MA, Akhter P et al. A Simple Photovoltaic Tracking System. Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 2005; 87: 49-59.
44. Mamlook R, Nijmeh S, Abdallah SM. A Programmable Logic Controller to Control Two Axis Sun Tracking System. Information Technology Journal 2006; 5(6): 1083-7.
45. Khlaichom P, Sonthipermpoon K. Optimization of Solar Tracking System Based on Genetic Algorithms. 2006. http://www.thaiscience.info/.
46. Contreras A, Garcia J, Gonzalez C et al. Portable Solar Tracker. 2006. http://engineering.utsa.edu/ee/sd/ projects/spring2006/13/Team_13_Final_Presentation.
47. Hatfield P. Low Cost Solar Tracker. Bachelor of Electrical Engineering Thesis, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Curtin University of Technology. 2006.
48. Bakos GC. Design and Construction of a Two-axis Sun Tracking System for Parabolic Trough Collector (PTC) Efficiency Improvement. Renewable Energy 2006; 31: 2411-2421.
49. Mwithiga G, Kigo SN. Performance of a Solar Dryer with Limited Sun Tracking Capability. Journal of Food Engineering 2006; 74: 247-52.
50. Wai RJ, Wang WH, Jun-You et al. Grid Connected Photovoltaic Generation System with Adaptive StepPerturbation Method and Active Sun Tracking Scheme. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 2006; 224228.
51. Rong-Jong Wai and Wen-Hung Wang. GridConnected Photovoltaic Generation System. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Fundamental Theory and Applications 2008; 55(3): 953-964.
52. Chicco G, Schlabbach J, Spertino F. Performance of Grid-connected Photo- voltaic Systems in Fixed and Suntracking Configurations; 2007. http:// www.labplan. ufsc.br/congressos/PowerTech07/.
53. Debasol, solar power. Solar tracker; 2007.www. girasolar.com.
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55. Aliman O, Daut I, Isa M et al. Simplification of Sun Tracking Mode to Gain High Concentration Solar Energy. American Journal of Applied Sciences 2007: 171-175.
56. Aliman O, Daut I. Rotation-Elevation of Sun Tracking Mode to Gain High Concentration Solar Energy. IEEE Conference, 2007: 551-555.
57. Abu-Khader MM, Badran OO, Abdallah S. Evaluating Multi-axes Sun-tracking Systemat Different Modes of Operationin Jordan. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2008; 12: 864-73.
58. Abdallah S, Badran OO. Sun Tracking System for Productivity Enhancement of Solar Still. Desalination 2008; 220: 669-676.
59. Sarker MRI, Pervez R, Beg RA. Design, Fabrication and Experimental Study of a Novel Two-Axis Sun Tracker. International Journal of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering IJMME-IJENS 2010; 10(1).
60. Ponniran A, Hashim A, Munir HA. A Design of Single Axis Sun Tracking System. 5th International Power Engineering and Optimization Conference (PEOCO 2011), Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. 2011; 6-7.
61. Mehrtash M, Quesada G, Dutil Y et al. Performance Evaluation of Sun Tracking Photovoltaic Systems in Canada, 20th Annual International Conferenceon Mechanical Engineering-ISME2012, at School of Mechanical Eng., Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. 2012
62. Jin X, Xu G, Zhou R et al. A Sun Tracking System Design for a Large Dish Solar Concentrator. International Journal of Clean Coal and Energy 2013; 2: 16-20. Published Online at http://www.scirp.org/journal/ijcce
63. Kamala J, Joseph A. Solar Tracking for Maximum and Economic Energy Harvesting. International Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET). 2014; 5(6): 50305037.
64. Yilmaz M, Kentli F. Increasing of Electrical Energy with Solar Tracking System at the Region which has Turkey’s Most Solar Energy Potential. Journal of Clean Energy Technologies 2015; 3(4): 287-290
65. Ozturk A, Alkan S, Hasirci U et al. Experimental PerformanceComparisonofa2-axisSunTracking System with Fixed System Under the Climatic Conditions of Duzce, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering & Computer Sciences 2016; 23: 4383-4390.
66. Chakraborty A, Chakraborty NR. Dual Axis Solar Tracking System-A Comprehensive Study: Bangladesh Context. Proceedings of the 2017 4th International Conference on Advances in Electrical Engineering (ICAEE), Dhaka, Bangladesh. 2017.
67. Aigboviosa P, Anthony A, Claudius A et al. Arduino Based Solar Tracking System For Energy Improvement of PV Solar Panel. Proceedings of the International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management Washington DC, USA, 2018.
2. Poulek V, Libra M. New Bifacial Solar Trackers and Tracking Concentrators; 2007. www.solar-trackers.com.
3. Mousazadeh H, Keyhani A, Javadi A et al. A Review of Principle and Sun-tracking Methods for Maximizing Solar Systems Output. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2009; 1800-1818.
4. Kansal R. PIC Based Automatic Solar Radiation Tracker. Master of Engineering in Electronics Instrumentation & Control Engineering, Thapar University, 2008.
5. Simón-Martín M, Alonso-Tristán C, Díez-Mediavilla M et al. Performance Indicators for Sun-Tracking Systems: A Case Study in Spain. Energy Power Eng 2014; 6(9): 292-302.
6. Dickinson WC. Annual available radiation for Fixed and Tracking Collectors. Solar Energy 1978; 21: 249-51.
7. Gay CF, Yerkes JW, Wilson JH. Performance Advantages of Two-axisTracking for Large Flat-plate Photovoltaic Energy Systems. In: Proceedings of the 16th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, San Diego, 1982; 1368-1371.
8. Daniel A. Pritchard. Sun Tracking by Peak Power Positioning for Photovoltaic Concentrator Arrays. IEEE Transactions on Control System 1983; 3(3): 2-8.
9. Baltas P, Tortoreli M, Russell PE. Evaluation of Power Output for Fixed and Step Tracking PV arrays. Solar Energy 1986; 37(20): 147-63.
10. Saxena AK, Dutta V. A Versatile Microprocessor Based Controller for Solar Tracking. New Delhi, India: Photovoltaic Laboratory, Centre for Energy Studies, Indian Institute of Technology. 1990: 1105-1109.
11. Nann S. Potential for Tracking PV Systems and V-troughs in Moderate Cli- mates. Solar Energy 1990; 45(6): 385-393.
12. Gordon JM, Wenger HJ. Central Station Solar PV System: Field Layout, Tracker and Array Geometry Sensitivity Studies. Solar Energy 1991; 46(4): 211-217.
13. Konar A, Mandal AK. Microprocessor Based Automatic Sun-tracker. IEEE Proceedings Part A Physical Science Measurement and Instrumentation Management and Education Reviews. 1991; 138(4): 237-41.
14. Poulek V. Testing the New Solar Tracker with Shape Memory Alloy Actors. Conference Record of the Twenty Fourth; IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference. 1994; 1: 1131-1133.
15. Appelbaum J, Flood DJ, Crutchik M. Solar Radiation on Mars: Tracking Photovoltaic Array. NASA Technical Memorandum 106700. 1994.
16. Shaltout MAM, Ghttas A, Sabry M. V-trough Concentratorona PV Full Tracking Systemina Hot Desert Climate. Renewable Energy 1995; 6(5&6): 527-32.
17. Stern M, Duran G, Fourer G et al. Development of a Low-costIntegrated 20-kW-AC Solar Tracking Sub-array for Grid-connected PV Power System Applications. Final Technical Report. NRELISR- 520-24759. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, A National Laboratoryof the U.S. Department of Energy Managed by Midwest Research Institute for the U.S. Department of Energy. 1998.
18. Poulek V, Libra M. New Solar Tracker. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 1998; 51: 113-20.
19. Zeroual A, Raoufi M, Ankrim M et al. Design and Construction of a Closed-loop Sun-tracker with Microprocessor Management. Solar Energy 1998; 19(4): 263-74.
20. Huang F, Tien D, James O. A Microcontroller Based Automatic Sun Tracker Combined with a New Solar Energy Conversion Unit. IEEE Proceedings on Power Electronic Drives and Energy Systems for Industrial Growth 1998; 1: 488- 492.
21. Hasan A. Design and Implementation of a Fuzzy Logic Computer-controlled Sun Tracking System. Proceedings
of the IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics 1999; 3: 1030-1034.
22. MichaelidesI M, Kalogirou SA, Roditis G et al. Comparison of Performance and Cost-effectiveness of Solar Water Heaters at Different Collector Tracking Modes in Cyprus and Greece. Energy Conversion and Management 1999; 40: 1287-303.
23. Helwa NH, Bahgat ABG, Shafee AMRE et al. Maximum Collectable Solar Energy by Different Solar Tracking Systems. Energy Sources 2000; 22: 23-4.
24. Chong C, Mori S, Barker WH, Chang KC. Architectures and Algorithms for Track Association and Fusion. IEEE Transaction 2000; 15(1): 5-13.
25. Poulek V, Libra M. A Very Simple Solar Tracker for Space and Terrestrial Applications. Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 2000; 60: 99-103.
26. Koutroulis E, Kalaitzakis K, Voulgaris NC. Development of a Microcontroller-based, Photovoltaic Maximum Power Point Tracking Control System. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 2001; 16(1): 46 - 54.
27. Yeong-ChauKuo, Liang T, Chen JF. Novel MaximumPower-Point-Tracking Controller for Photovoltaic Energy Conversion System. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 2001; 48(3): 594-601.
28. Tse KK, Ho MT, Chung HSH, Hui SY. A novel Maximum Power Point Tracker for PV Panels using Switching Frequency Modulation. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 2002; 17(6): 980-989.
29. Chung SHS, Tse KK, Hui SYR et al. A Novel Maximum Power Point Tracking Technique for Solar Panels Using a SEPIC or Cuk converter. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 2003; 18(3): 717-724.
30. Ai B, Shen H, Ban Q et al. Calculation of the Hourly and Daily Radiation Incident on Three Step Tracking Planes. Energy Conversion and Management 2003; 44: 1999-2011.
31. Piao ZG, Georgiev A, Boudinov H. Design and Construction of a System for Sun-tracking. Renewable Energy 2004; 29: 393-402.
32. Khalil AA-JN, Al-Mutawalli SS. Effect of Two-axis Sun Tracking on the Performance of Compound Parabolic Concentrators. Energy Conversion and Management 2004; 39(10): 1073-9.
33. Clifford MJ, Eastwood D. Design of a Novel Passive SolarTracker. Solar Energy 2004; 77: 269-280.
34. Bione J, Vilela OC, Fraidenraich N. Comparison of the Performance of PV Water Pumping Systems Driven by Fixed, Ttracking and V-trough Generators. Solar Energy 2004; 76: 703-711.
35. Pavel YV, Gonzalez HJ, Vorobiev YV. Optimization of the Solar Energy Collection in Tracking and Non-tracking PV Solar System. In: Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Electrical and Electronics Engineering, ICEEE; 2004; 310-4.
36. Kalogirou SA. Solar Thermal Collectors and Applications. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 2004; 30: 231-95.
37. Al-Mohamad A. Efficiency Improvements of Photovoltaic Panels Usinga Sun-Tracking System. Applied Energy 2004; 79: 345-54.
38. Abdallah S. The Effect of Using Sun Tracking Systems on the Voltage-current Characteristics and Power Generation of Flat Plate PV. Energy Conversion and Management 2004; 45: 1671-9.
39. Kobayashi K, Matsuo M, Sekine Y. A Novel Optimum Operating Point Tracker of the Solar Cell Power Supply System. IEEE Conference on Power Electronics. 2004; 3: 2147-2151.
40. Abdallah S, Nijmeh S. Two Axes Sun Tracking System with PLC Control. Energy Conversion and Management 2004; 45: 1931-9.
41. Armstrong S, Hurley WG. Investigating the Effectiveness of Maximum Power Point Tracking for a Solar System. IEEE Conference on Power Electronics. 2005; 204-209.
42. Shanmugam S, Christraj W. The Tracking of the Sun for Solar Paraboloidal Dish Concentrators. ASME Transactions 2005; 127: 156-160.
43. KarimovKh S, Saqib MA, Akhter P et al. A Simple Photovoltaic Tracking System. Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 2005; 87: 49-59.
44. Mamlook R, Nijmeh S, Abdallah SM. A Programmable Logic Controller to Control Two Axis Sun Tracking System. Information Technology Journal 2006; 5(6): 1083-7.
45. Khlaichom P, Sonthipermpoon K. Optimization of Solar Tracking System Based on Genetic Algorithms. 2006. http://www.thaiscience.info/.
46. Contreras A, Garcia J, Gonzalez C et al. Portable Solar Tracker. 2006. http://engineering.utsa.edu/ee/sd/ projects/spring2006/13/Team_13_Final_Presentation.
47. Hatfield P. Low Cost Solar Tracker. Bachelor of Electrical Engineering Thesis, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Curtin University of Technology. 2006.
48. Bakos GC. Design and Construction of a Two-axis Sun Tracking System for Parabolic Trough Collector (PTC) Efficiency Improvement. Renewable Energy 2006; 31: 2411-2421.
49. Mwithiga G, Kigo SN. Performance of a Solar Dryer with Limited Sun Tracking Capability. Journal of Food Engineering 2006; 74: 247-52.
50. Wai RJ, Wang WH, Jun-You et al. Grid Connected Photovoltaic Generation System with Adaptive StepPerturbation Method and Active Sun Tracking Scheme. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 2006; 224228.
51. Rong-Jong Wai and Wen-Hung Wang. GridConnected Photovoltaic Generation System. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Fundamental Theory and Applications 2008; 55(3): 953-964.
52. Chicco G, Schlabbach J, Spertino F. Performance of Grid-connected Photo- voltaic Systems in Fixed and Suntracking Configurations; 2007. http:// www.labplan. ufsc.br/congressos/PowerTech07/.
53. Debasol, solar power. Solar tracker; 2007.www. girasolar.com.
54. Tracstar. Should you Install a Solar tracker? 2007. http:// www.helmholz.us/smallpowersystems/.
55. Aliman O, Daut I, Isa M et al. Simplification of Sun Tracking Mode to Gain High Concentration Solar Energy. American Journal of Applied Sciences 2007: 171-175.
56. Aliman O, Daut I. Rotation-Elevation of Sun Tracking Mode to Gain High Concentration Solar Energy. IEEE Conference, 2007: 551-555.
57. Abu-Khader MM, Badran OO, Abdallah S. Evaluating Multi-axes Sun-tracking Systemat Different Modes of Operationin Jordan. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2008; 12: 864-73.
58. Abdallah S, Badran OO. Sun Tracking System for Productivity Enhancement of Solar Still. Desalination 2008; 220: 669-676.
59. Sarker MRI, Pervez R, Beg RA. Design, Fabrication and Experimental Study of a Novel Two-Axis Sun Tracker. International Journal of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering IJMME-IJENS 2010; 10(1).
60. Ponniran A, Hashim A, Munir HA. A Design of Single Axis Sun Tracking System. 5th International Power Engineering and Optimization Conference (PEOCO 2011), Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. 2011; 6-7.
61. Mehrtash M, Quesada G, Dutil Y et al. Performance Evaluation of Sun Tracking Photovoltaic Systems in Canada, 20th Annual International Conferenceon Mechanical Engineering-ISME2012, at School of Mechanical Eng., Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. 2012
62. Jin X, Xu G, Zhou R et al. A Sun Tracking System Design for a Large Dish Solar Concentrator. International Journal of Clean Coal and Energy 2013; 2: 16-20. Published Online at http://www.scirp.org/journal/ijcce
63. Kamala J, Joseph A. Solar Tracking for Maximum and Economic Energy Harvesting. International Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET). 2014; 5(6): 50305037.
64. Yilmaz M, Kentli F. Increasing of Electrical Energy with Solar Tracking System at the Region which has Turkey’s Most Solar Energy Potential. Journal of Clean Energy Technologies 2015; 3(4): 287-290
65. Ozturk A, Alkan S, Hasirci U et al. Experimental PerformanceComparisonofa2-axisSunTracking System with Fixed System Under the Climatic Conditions of Duzce, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering & Computer Sciences 2016; 23: 4383-4390.
66. Chakraborty A, Chakraborty NR. Dual Axis Solar Tracking System-A Comprehensive Study: Bangladesh Context. Proceedings of the 2017 4th International Conference on Advances in Electrical Engineering (ICAEE), Dhaka, Bangladesh. 2017.
67. Aigboviosa P, Anthony A, Claudius A et al. Arduino Based Solar Tracking System For Energy Improvement of PV Solar Panel. Proceedings of the International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management Washington DC, USA, 2018.
Published
2020-01-22
Issue
Section
Review Article
