Assessing Job Satisfaction Parameters for Enhancing Performance: A Study on Knowledge Workers
Keywords:
Knowledge Workers, Enhancing Performance, Career Satisfaction, Commitment, Job Involvement, Reward System, Expectations, DifferentiationAbstract
The paper is positioned to identify the factors responsible for satisfaction and performance among knowledge workers, based on the information on factors affecting employee performance and methods used by institutes and colleges to motivate employees leading to satisfaction. Further, a cognitive model has been developed by the factors leading to satisfaction of knowledge workers. A structured questionnaire was adopted for collecting primary data amongst 192 knowledge workers working at various knowledge institutions in India. Knowledge workers included in the study are professors working in institutes and colleges. Questionnaire included items related to satisfaction, performance and demographic details of respondents. Further, confirmatory factor analysis has been used to measure factors leading to satisfaction and finally path analysis is done to validate the cognitive model. The study found that employee performance is dependent on career satisfaction, commitment, and job involvement. Methods used by institutions to motivate employees leading to satisfaction are found to be reward system, understanding of expectations, differentiation between knowledge workers and other staff, and managerial training. The findings of the paper suggest the implications for enhancing employee performance of the institutions, engaging knowledge workers in Delhi and NCR region and would suggest guidelines for stakeholders. The study paves way for further research on the subject in other hubs in India and other countries which have knowledge workers engaged in different institutions.
How to cite this article: Srivastava V, Thakur RR, Assessing Job Satisfaction Parameters for Enhancing Performance: A Study on Knowledge Workers. J Adv Res HR Organ Mqmt 2019; 6(1): 16-26
References
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36. Bae KB, Yang G. The effects of family-friendly policies on job satisfaction and organizational commitment: A panel study conducted on South Korea’s public institutions. Public Personnel Management Mar 2017; 46(1): 25-40. 16p.
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38. Locke EA. The nature and causes of job satisfaction. In Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Chicago: Rand McNally 1976; 1297-1350.
39. Meyer JP, Allen NJ. A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review 1991; 1(1): 61-90.
40. Miao RT. Perceived organizational support, job satisfaction, task performance and organizational citizenship behavior in China. Journal of Behavioral and Applied Management 2011; 12(2).
41. Millar CC, Choi CJ. Development and knowledge resources: A conceptual analysis. Journal of Knowledge Management 2010; 14(5): 759-76.
42. Mowday RT, Porter LW, Steers RM. Employeeorganization linkages: The psychology of commitment, absenteeism, and turnover. New York: Academic Press 1982.
43. Moynihan DP, Pandey SK. Finding workable levers over work motivation comparing job satisfaction, job involvement, and organizational commitment. Administration & Society 2007; 39(7): 803-32.
44. Mudrack PE. Job involvement, obsessive-compulsive personality traits and workaholic behavioral tendencies. Journal of Organizational Change Management 2004; 17(5): 490-508.
45. Emanoil M, Alexandra S. Knowledge workers – The modern workers prototype in present and future organization. Annals Of The University Of Oradea, Economic Science Series 2013; 1(2): 572-580.
46. Mehrzi NA, Singh SK. Competing through employee engagement: A proposed framework. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management 2016; 65(6): 831-43.
47. Ng, TWH, Feldman DC. The relationship of age to ten dimensions of job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology 2008; 93(2): 392-423.
48. O’Driscoll MP, Randall RM. Perceived organizational support, satisfaction with rewards, and employee job involvement and organizational commitment. Applied Psychology: An International Review 1999; 48(2): 197209.
49. Otken AB, Ucar D. Perceived organizational support and organizational commitment: The mediating role of organizational based self-esteem. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi ?ktisadi ve ?dari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 2010; 25.
50. Kong H, Cheung C, Song H. From hotel career management to employees’ career satisfaction: The mediating effect of career competency. International Journal of Hospitality Management 2012; 31(1): 76-85.
51. Petroni A, Pierligi C. Motivation strategies for knowledge workers: Evidences and challenges. Journal of Technology, Management Innovation 2008; 3(3): 21-32.
52. Poon JML. Effects of performance appraisal politics on job satisfaction and turnover intention. Personnel Review 2004; 33(3): 322-34.
53. Porter LW, Steers RM, Mowday RT et al. Organizational commitment, job satisfaction and turnover among psychiatric technicians. Journal of Applied Psychology 1974; 59(5): 603-09.
54. Recardo R, Jolly J. Organizational culture and teams”, SAM Advanced Management Journal 1997; 62(2): 4-7.
55. Rhoades L, Eisenberger R. Perceived organizational support: A review of the literature. Journal of Applied Psychology 2002; 87(4): 698-714.
56. Vaillancourt RP. Performance evaluations for-profit and nonprofit U.S. hospitals since 1980. Nonprofit Management & Leadership 2003; 13(4).
57. Saane ZV, Sluiter JK, Verbeek JH et al. Reliability and validity of instruments measuring job satisfaction: A systematic review. Occupational Medicine 2003; 53: 191-200.
58. Svetlana S. Identifying factors affecting motivation and loyalty of knowledge workers. Economics and Management Kaunas University of Technology, Lithuania. 2007.
59. Semadar A, Robins G, Ferris G.R. Comparing the validity of multiple social effectiveness constructs in the prediction of managerial job performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior 2006; 27(4): 443-61.
60. Sheau-Hwa Chen, Po-Yu Liu. Effects of internal marketing, organizational commitment, job involvement and job satisfaction on work performance: A study of the elderly care institutions in Taiwan. Marketing Review/Xing Xiao Ping Lun Sep 2012; 9(3): 277-301.
61. Smith DC. What can we expect from performance management activities that we cannot expect from performance measurement? Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 2009; 28(3): 512-14.
62. Smith CA, Kendall LM, Hulin CL. The Measurement of satisfaction in work and retirement: A strategy for the study of attitudes. Chicago: Rand McNally 1969.
63. Spector PE. Job satisfaction: Application, assessment, courses, and consequences. Sage Publications, Inc. 1997.
64. Brown S, Huning T. Intrinsic motivation and job satisfaction: The intervening role of goal orientation. Proceedings of the Academy of Organizational Culture, Communications and Conflict. 2010; 15(1).
65. Uddin, Mohammad Jamal, Miah, Muhammad Abdus Shaheed, Rahman, Mohammad Mizanur et al. Mediation role of job satisfaction on Hrm-operational performance relationship: A three-way moderation effect by gender. Journal of Developing Areas Summer 2017; 51(3): 437-52. 16.
66. Valaei N, Rezaei S, Ismail WKW. Examining learning strategies, creativity, and innovation at SMEs using fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis and PLS path modeling. Journal of Business Research 2016; 70.
67. Anton V, Miro S, Mari V. An analysis of the relationship between job satisfaction and employee engagement. Economic Themes 2017; 55(2): 243-62. 20.
68. Williams B, Brown T, Onsman A. Exploratory factor analysis: A five-step guide for novices. Australasian Journal of Paramedicine 2010; 8(3).
69. Yang C-L, Hwang M. Personality traits and simultaneous reciprocal influences between job performance and job satisfaction. Chinese Management Studies 2014; 8(1): 6-26.
70. Yucel I, Bektas C. Job satisfaction, organizational commitment and demographic characteristics among teachers in Turkey: Younger is better? Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 2012; 46: 1598-1608.
2. Younes B, Falah OM. job satisfaction among faculty members at community colleges and its relationship to organizational commitment from their point of view. Journal of Global Economics, Management & Business Research 2017; 9(3): 113-21.
3. Almatrooshi B, Singh SK, Farouk S. 2016 Determinants of organizational performance: A proposed framework. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management 2017; 65(6): 844-59.
4. Ali BC, Ozlem A, Gaye K. The mediating effect of rewarding on the relationship between employee involvement and job satisfaction. Human Factors & Ergonomics in Manufacturing & Service Industries 2017; 27(1): 45-52.
5. Beck-KralaTarczo?, Mas?yk. Employee satisfaction with tangible and intangible rewards in health care sector. Polish Journal of Management Studies 2017; 16(2): 17-27.
6. Beaumont PB, Hunter LC. Managing knowledge workers: The human resource dimension. London: Short Run Press 2002.
7. Bosetti L, Walker K. Perspectives of UK vice-chancellors on leading universities in a knowledge-based economy. Higher Education Quarterly 2010; 64(1): 4-21.
8. Caillier JG. Factors affecting job performance in public agencies. Public Performance & Management Review 2010; 34(2): 139-65.
9. Chen CC, Chiu SF. The mediating role of job involvement in the relationship between job characteristics and organizational citizenship behavior. The Journal of Social Psychology 2009; 149(4): 474-94.
10. Cherrington DL, Reilz HJ, Scott WE, Jr. Effects of reward and contingent reinforcement on satisfaction and task performance. Journal of Applied Psychology 1971; 55: 531-36.
11. Chien-Hung Wu, I-Shen Chen, Jia-Chern Chen. A study into the impact of employee wellness and job satisfaction on job performance. International Journal of Organizational Innovation 2017; 10(2): 253-69.
12. Clare L. Comm, Dennis FX Mathaisel. A case study of the implications of faculty workload and compensation for improving academic quality. International Journal of Educational Management 2003; 17(5): 200-10.
13. Cohen A. Relationships among the five forms of commitment: An empirical analysis. Journal of Organizational Behavior 1999; 20(3): 285-308.
14. Cook JD, Hepworth SJ, Wall TD et al. The Experience of Work. London: Academic Press 1981.
15. Cropanzano R, Howes JC, Grandey AA et al. The relationship of organizational politics and support to work behaviors, attitudes, and stress. Journal of Organizational Behavior 1997; 18(2): 159-80.
16. Dee JR. Henkin AB, Singleton CA. Organizational commitment of teachers in urban schools: Examining the effects of team structures. Urban Education 2006; 41(6): 603-27.
17. Diefendorff J, Brown D, Kamin A et al. Examining the roles of job involvement and work centrality in predicting organizational citizenship behaviors and job performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior 2002; 23(1): 93-108.
18. Drucker PF. The age of social transformation. The Atlantic Monthly. 1994; 274(5): 53-80.
19. Drucker PF. The next society: A survey of the near future. The Economist 2001; 361(8246).
20. Erdogan B, Enders J. Support from the top: supervisors’ perceived organizational support as a moderator of leader-member exchange to satisfaction and performance relationships. Journal of Applied Psychology 2007; 92(2): 321-30.
21. Reilly E, Dhingra K, Boduszek D. Teachers’ self-efficacy beliefs, self-esteem, and job stress as determinants of job satisfaction. International Journal of Educational Management 2014; 28(4): 365-78.
22. Fu W, Deshpande SP. The imapct of caring climate, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment on job performance of employees in a China’s insurance company. Journal Business Ethics 2013; 124(2): 339-49.
23. Fu W, Deshpande SP, Zhao X. The impact of ethical behavior and facets of job satisfaction on organizational commitment of Chinese employees. Journal of Business Ethics 2011; 104(4): 537-43.
24. Gebler D. Is your culture a risk factor? Business and Society Review 2006; 111(3): 337-62.
25. Hair JF, Anderson RE, Tatham RL et al. Multivariate Data Analysis. New Jersey: Prentice Hall 1998.
26. Hira A, Waqas I. A Study of job satisfaction and IT’s impact on the performance in the banking industry of Pakistan. International Journal of Business and Social Science 2012; 3(19): 174-80.
27. Huang CC, You CS, Tsai MT. A multidimensional analysis of ethical climate, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and organizational citizenship behaviors. Nursing Ethics 2012; 19(4): 513-29.
28. Jamal M. Job stress, job performance and organizational commitment in a multinational company: An empirical study in two countries. International Journal of Business and Social Science 2011; 2(20): 20-29.
29. Johari J, Fee Yean Tan, Zati Iwani Tjik Zulkarnain. Autonomy, workload, work-life balance and job performance among teachers. International Journal of Educational Management 2018; 32(1): 107-20.
30. Simon JC, Soliman KS. An alternative method to measure MIS faculty teaching performance. International Journal of Educational Management 2003; 17(5): 195-99.
31. Kacmar MK, Carlson DS, Brymer RA. Antecedents and consequences of organizational commitment: A comparison of two scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement 1999; 59(6): 976-94.
32. Kaarst-Brown ML, Nicholson S, Von Dran GM et al. Organizational cultures of libraries as a strategic resource. Former Departments, Centers, Institutes and Projects 2004; 53(1): 33-53.
33. Kahn W. Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. Academy of Management Journal 1990; 33(4): 692-724.
34. Kaur S, Singh S. Exploring relationship among spiritual quotient, personal competence and job satisfaction of employees: An empirical study. Journal of Management Research (09725814). 2017; 17(1): 187-200.
35. Kluger AN, Tikochinsky J. The error of accepting the ‘theoretical’ null hypothesis: The rise, fall, and resurrection of commonsense hypotheses in psychology. Psychological Bulletin 2001; 127: 408-23.
36. Bae KB, Yang G. The effects of family-friendly policies on job satisfaction and organizational commitment: A panel study conducted on South Korea’s public institutions. Public Personnel Management Mar 2017; 46(1): 25-40. 16p.
37. Lemieux T, MacLeod WB, Parent D. Performance pay and wage inequality. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 2009; 124(1): 1-49.
38. Locke EA. The nature and causes of job satisfaction. In Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Chicago: Rand McNally 1976; 1297-1350.
39. Meyer JP, Allen NJ. A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review 1991; 1(1): 61-90.
40. Miao RT. Perceived organizational support, job satisfaction, task performance and organizational citizenship behavior in China. Journal of Behavioral and Applied Management 2011; 12(2).
41. Millar CC, Choi CJ. Development and knowledge resources: A conceptual analysis. Journal of Knowledge Management 2010; 14(5): 759-76.
42. Mowday RT, Porter LW, Steers RM. Employeeorganization linkages: The psychology of commitment, absenteeism, and turnover. New York: Academic Press 1982.
43. Moynihan DP, Pandey SK. Finding workable levers over work motivation comparing job satisfaction, job involvement, and organizational commitment. Administration & Society 2007; 39(7): 803-32.
44. Mudrack PE. Job involvement, obsessive-compulsive personality traits and workaholic behavioral tendencies. Journal of Organizational Change Management 2004; 17(5): 490-508.
45. Emanoil M, Alexandra S. Knowledge workers – The modern workers prototype in present and future organization. Annals Of The University Of Oradea, Economic Science Series 2013; 1(2): 572-580.
46. Mehrzi NA, Singh SK. Competing through employee engagement: A proposed framework. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management 2016; 65(6): 831-43.
47. Ng, TWH, Feldman DC. The relationship of age to ten dimensions of job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology 2008; 93(2): 392-423.
48. O’Driscoll MP, Randall RM. Perceived organizational support, satisfaction with rewards, and employee job involvement and organizational commitment. Applied Psychology: An International Review 1999; 48(2): 197209.
49. Otken AB, Ucar D. Perceived organizational support and organizational commitment: The mediating role of organizational based self-esteem. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi ?ktisadi ve ?dari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 2010; 25.
50. Kong H, Cheung C, Song H. From hotel career management to employees’ career satisfaction: The mediating effect of career competency. International Journal of Hospitality Management 2012; 31(1): 76-85.
51. Petroni A, Pierligi C. Motivation strategies for knowledge workers: Evidences and challenges. Journal of Technology, Management Innovation 2008; 3(3): 21-32.
52. Poon JML. Effects of performance appraisal politics on job satisfaction and turnover intention. Personnel Review 2004; 33(3): 322-34.
53. Porter LW, Steers RM, Mowday RT et al. Organizational commitment, job satisfaction and turnover among psychiatric technicians. Journal of Applied Psychology 1974; 59(5): 603-09.
54. Recardo R, Jolly J. Organizational culture and teams”, SAM Advanced Management Journal 1997; 62(2): 4-7.
55. Rhoades L, Eisenberger R. Perceived organizational support: A review of the literature. Journal of Applied Psychology 2002; 87(4): 698-714.
56. Vaillancourt RP. Performance evaluations for-profit and nonprofit U.S. hospitals since 1980. Nonprofit Management & Leadership 2003; 13(4).
57. Saane ZV, Sluiter JK, Verbeek JH et al. Reliability and validity of instruments measuring job satisfaction: A systematic review. Occupational Medicine 2003; 53: 191-200.
58. Svetlana S. Identifying factors affecting motivation and loyalty of knowledge workers. Economics and Management Kaunas University of Technology, Lithuania. 2007.
59. Semadar A, Robins G, Ferris G.R. Comparing the validity of multiple social effectiveness constructs in the prediction of managerial job performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior 2006; 27(4): 443-61.
60. Sheau-Hwa Chen, Po-Yu Liu. Effects of internal marketing, organizational commitment, job involvement and job satisfaction on work performance: A study of the elderly care institutions in Taiwan. Marketing Review/Xing Xiao Ping Lun Sep 2012; 9(3): 277-301.
61. Smith DC. What can we expect from performance management activities that we cannot expect from performance measurement? Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 2009; 28(3): 512-14.
62. Smith CA, Kendall LM, Hulin CL. The Measurement of satisfaction in work and retirement: A strategy for the study of attitudes. Chicago: Rand McNally 1969.
63. Spector PE. Job satisfaction: Application, assessment, courses, and consequences. Sage Publications, Inc. 1997.
64. Brown S, Huning T. Intrinsic motivation and job satisfaction: The intervening role of goal orientation. Proceedings of the Academy of Organizational Culture, Communications and Conflict. 2010; 15(1).
65. Uddin, Mohammad Jamal, Miah, Muhammad Abdus Shaheed, Rahman, Mohammad Mizanur et al. Mediation role of job satisfaction on Hrm-operational performance relationship: A three-way moderation effect by gender. Journal of Developing Areas Summer 2017; 51(3): 437-52. 16.
66. Valaei N, Rezaei S, Ismail WKW. Examining learning strategies, creativity, and innovation at SMEs using fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis and PLS path modeling. Journal of Business Research 2016; 70.
67. Anton V, Miro S, Mari V. An analysis of the relationship between job satisfaction and employee engagement. Economic Themes 2017; 55(2): 243-62. 20.
68. Williams B, Brown T, Onsman A. Exploratory factor analysis: A five-step guide for novices. Australasian Journal of Paramedicine 2010; 8(3).
69. Yang C-L, Hwang M. Personality traits and simultaneous reciprocal influences between job performance and job satisfaction. Chinese Management Studies 2014; 8(1): 6-26.
70. Yucel I, Bektas C. Job satisfaction, organizational commitment and demographic characteristics among teachers in Turkey: Younger is better? Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 2012; 46: 1598-1608.
Published
2019-11-21
How to Cite
Srivastava, V., & Thakur, R. R. (2019). Assessing Job Satisfaction Parameters for Enhancing Performance: A Study on Knowledge Workers. Journal of Advanced Research in HR and Organizational Management, 6(1&2), 16-26. Retrieved from https://adrjournalshouse.com/index.php/Journal-HumanResourcesOrg/article/view/542
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Research Article
